Acta Orientalia Belgica - Volume XXXIII
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ARCHIVER, CONSERVER ET COLLECTIONNER EN ORIENT Alexandre TOUROVETS in memoriam
Edited by Christian CANNUYER et Marianne MICHEL
With the support of Groupe de Recherche sur les Traditions Religieuses du Proche-Orient – Faculté de Théologie de Lille - Centre d'études orientales - Institut Orientaliste de Louvain (CIOL), Louvain-la-Neuve - Solidarité-Orient/Werk voor het Oosten (Bruxelles)
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Cover illustration La bibliothèque découverte dans le temple de Nabu à Dur-Šarrukin (Irak).
D’après G. LOUD & C. B. ALTMAN, Khorsabad Part II. The Citadel and the Town (OIP, 40), Chicago, 1938, pl. 19c.
Corrigenda Corrigenda are available and can be downloaded for this volume.
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Jan TAVERNIER et Christian CANNUYER, Notice bio-bibliographique d'Alexandre TOUROVETS
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vii |
Alexandre TOUROVETS et Mohammad MASOUMIAN, Rapport préliminaire de la Mission archéologique à Tepe Zarduyan (Kurdistan iranien), du 10 mai au 5 juin 2017
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xxiii |
Abstract : During our excavations in Tepe Zarduyan,we have discovered a very large cemetery of the
Parthian period from where a great number of funerary jars and coffins has been unearthed. We
were surprised to see that the dimensions of some coffins reached human ones and were adorned
with a lot of fine ornamental elements like bands, false handles and side handles. A survey on
the site let us know that other coffins were buried here. Beside these great coffins, were a lot of
poteries of lesser dimensions and different quality. We suppose that they were used as reserves
of food for the deads during their journey in the neitherworld. Moreover and unexpectedly, we
discovered traces of funerary architecture like partition walls dividing the area of the cemetery
in different parts and isolating the ‘‘main’’ sector of the site where the great coffins have been
buried. our future studies are to described the links between walls, the stone areas and the material
buried in the jars. |
TABULA GRATULATORIA
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ARCHIVER, CONSERVER ET COLLECTIONNER EN
ORIENT |
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Jan TAVERNIER, Collectionner dans l'antiquité ? Réflexions préliminaires sur le plus ancien musée du monde
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3 |
Abstract : this article studies the various sites and buildings that were once called “museum” by assyriologists
or historians of the ancient near East. Following an introduction, the first part discusses
five sites/buildings and will tackle the question whether they were real museums or not. the
second part goes deeper into what is often called “the oldest museum in the world”, more precisely
a complex of various rooms within the temple Edublama? in Ur. allegedly this museum
was founded by En-nigaldi-nanna, the daughter of the neo-Babylonian king nabonidus (556-
539 BCE), but doubts still remain on this issue. |
Apolline Marie HUIN, Les ME d'Inanna : un catalogue de pouvoirs
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17 |
Abstract : the myth INANNA and ENKI lists more than a hundred ‘‘ME’’ that the goddess will acquire
from the god. the concept of ME is specifically inherent in Sumerian civilization and defining
it is extremely complex. ME can be considered as objects, functions, know-how, moral values
or even names. in myths, they can be exchanged, stolen or offered between deities. ‘‘Power’’
seems to be the most apt term to translate this concept word, even if our word is far from mentioning
the full extent of the Sumerian semantic and symbolic value. after classifying these
Powers according to a logic which is more familiar to us than that of the Sumerian enumeration,
we will attempt a most exhaustive study of each of these divine powers. |
Jacques VANSCHOONWINKEL, Le masque d'or dit d'Agamemnon, une énigme au Musée national d'Athènes
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37 |
Abstract : This article examines the gold mask no. 624 of the national archaeological museum of
athens, better known as the mask of agamemnon. it is one of the museum’s most famous pieces,
but it remains enigmatic in more than one respect. We will discuss in particular its identification,
its possible links with egypt, etc. |
Arnaud DELHOVE, Conserver (par) la langue : autour de l'égyptien de tradition des rois couchites
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55 |
Abstract : Kushite royal texts in “égyptien de tradition” (late Middle egyptian) are not only valuable
for their historical significance but also for their linguistic one, thanks to the feats they preserved.
After a brief overview of the linguistic situation of egypt and nubia under the 25th dynasty (ca.
722-ca. 655) and of the main factors influencing late Middle egyptian, two aspects of Kushite
late Middle egyptian are reviewed. First, the evidence of a specific stage of the evolution of
Middle egyptian into late egyptian in the Victory Stela of Piankhy; then, the possibility of non
Middle egyptian based “égyptiens de tradition”. |
Jan M.F. V AN REETH, Le message théologique du reliquaire syro-palestinien dans la collection de la chapelle Sancta Sanctorum au Latran
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69 |
Abstract : Among the objects in the collection of the chapel Sancta Sanctorum (now in the Vatican
museum), a syro-Palestinian reliquary (5-6th C.) is most remarkable. representing the arch of
the Covenant in the heart of latin Christianity, it illustrates against arianism the orthodox Chalcedonian
theology about the reality of the suffering of Christ on a real, wooden cross, as well as
the role of the Virgin Mary, not only as mother of Jesus but also as mother of god. her throne,
the kathisma or Sedes Sapientiae, is the arch of the New Testament. |
Samir ARBACHE, Ṣṭāfānā al-Ramī, moine et copiste professionnel du 9e siècle
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95 |
Abstract : We shall present three colophons signed by the copyist monk Ṣṭāfanā al-Ramlī (Stefan of
Ramla) in two manuscripts: BL OR 4950, a parchment of 237 folios, copied in the Vieille Laura
Saint Chariton in 877, and Arab Sinaï 72, a parchment of 119 folios, copied in 897. The first
one is made up of two treaties, each of which ending with a colophon, and the second one also
ends with a colophon, followed by a note from the owner notifying its arrival at the monastery
of Saint Catherine in Mount Sinaï at an unprecised date. We shall first present the handwritten
reproductions of the three colophons, their transcription into contemporary Arabic characters as
well as their translation. in a second step we shall comment upon those documents from three
points of view: the copyist, the dates and linguistic observations. |
Manhal MAKHOUL, La littérature syro-arabe : le karšūnī, passeur de témoin
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103 |
Abstract : This article highlights the importance of the karšūnī system as a tool for textual transmission.
moreover, although it is usually agreed that this system would be used exclusively in christian
circles, this study shows new evidence of its use in muslim texts. therefore, its use might not
be reserved for a specific area, namely religious. |
Motia ZOUIHAL, Al-Iḥāṭa fī aḫbār ġarnāṭa, une œuvre andalouse lue au Caire
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117 |
Abstract : Al-Maqqarī reports in his Nafḥ al-ṭīb information on the copy of al-Iḥāṭa fī aḫbār Ġarnāṭa
of which the author Ibn al-Ḫaṭīb had, during his lifetime, made a waqf for the benefit of the
ḫanqāh of Saʿīd al-Suʿadā’ in Cairo. Al-Maqqarī consulted the copy but other well-known personalities
had done the same before him. Some of these readers and the marks they left on the
copy pages caught al-Maqqarī’s attention. This short article sheds some light on those readers
contact with the copy of al-Iḥāṭa based on the data kept in the Nafḥ al-ṭīb. |
Alain SERVANTIE, Casanova, Bonneval Pacha, Said Effendi et les
sirènes d'Alexandrie
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127 |
Abstract : Giuseppe Casanova in his Memories, Story of My Life, describes a trip he made to Constantinople
in 1745. He is received by the famous French renegade, Bonneval Pasha, who presents
him to several high ranking turks, in particular ismail efendi, whom Casanova qualifies of
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. this ismail efendi takes the young man to a kiosk, where he gets
excited by the view of naked women (sirens) swimming in a pool. turkish History does not
record any ismail efendi Minister of Foreign Affairs during that period. Casanova gives a clue:
this turkish diplomat was a friend of a venetian Ambassador. this leads to Çelebizade said
Mehmet efendi who took part in a turkish embassy in Paris with his father in 1721, and lead a
second embassy to Paris in 1742 along the venetian Ambassador. said Mehmet launched the
first official ottoman printing in cooperation with Muteferrika. A scholar fond of books, said
Mehmet probably showed to Casanova miniatures of the classical Persian Iskandarnāma, where
Alexander admires sirens. |
Bernard VAN RINSVELD, « Souvenirs », diplomatie et politique.
Les voyages du duc de Brabant, futur Léopold II, et l'Égypte au travers des archives du fonds Goffinet
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151 |
Abstract : Carrying on with the study of the relations between Leopold II king of the Belgians and egypt
(BiOr, 73, no 5-6 [2016], col. 551-590), I extended the panel or sources to copies, notes, exchange
of letters, drafts, health reports from Dr stacquez (Goffinet Fonds), 14 folios identified here as
to the Notes du voyage d’Égypte 1862/3, and two manuscript files (APR, 1935 and MRAH,
1941) never into account. I chose the chronological approach to trace gifts of antiquities, not
only during the journeys on the Nile but on too. the Duke of Brabant had no special interest in
the egyptian art. it is the reason why he chose or bought nearly only few pieces of art, as ‘travel
souvenirs’ to keep in mind, like his collections of photographs, his albums and his diaries.
Leopold considered the whole set as it were a private museum of his own travels. For a long
time egypt and especially Cairo remained in his mind as symbol of extension abroad. Our present
aim is to link the formation of the royal collection with the political and diplomatic main
concerns of the Duke of Brabant discussed at long in his diary of 1862/3 and submitted to evolution
in the course of years. Over time the focus remained the same: to convert Belgium into a
colonial power, whatever the approach could be applied. |
Marie-Cécile BRUWIER, Conservation du patrimoine et musées en
Égypte du 19e siècle à nos jours
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243 |
Abstract : The ever-increasing number of archaeological objects discovered and the egyptian desire to
preserve the various traces of the past from prehistory to the present day has led to the multiplication
of museum spaces. since their creation in the second half of the 19th century, the museums
of egypt, created on the european model, have multiplied and diversified to meet the many
aspects of the material and immaterial culture of society. Concepts relating to the study, conservation,
and transmission of egyptian archaeological heritage, revealing cultures – prehistoric,
Pharaonic, Greco-roman, Coptic and Muslim - that have succeeded one another in the Nile Valley,
have changed considerably in at least six decades in both europe and egypt. A new concept
of global cultural solidarity first emerged in the rescue of monuments in Nubia. in response to
the conservation of monuments, but also to the needs of egyptian society and the increase of
tourism, a new era for museums in egypt has begun. in 2005, convinced that the strategic key
to education and heritage awareness is there, the egyptian authorities announced the renovation
or creation of thirty-three institutions. in 2002, they planned the construction of the Great egyptian
Museum (GEM) in Giza, intended to be the largest archaeological museum in the world.
A recent census of museums shows one hundred and seventy-two, classified by type of collection
and distributed among government museums, university museums, private museums, or nonprofit
foundations. Their variety and the fact that most of them are unfamiliar prompted me to
propose this article to place them in the context of their creation and outline the great features
of the history of museums in egypt. Many egyptian professionals are aware of the essential role
of museums in society. To increase the long-neglected egyptian audience, while increasing the
number of international visitors, the egyptian authorities are developing the vast programme of
modernization and creation of museums. similarly, the development of museum mediation for
young audiences led to the creation of the Children’s Museum at the Cairo Museum and the
Children Civilization and Creativity Center in Heliopolis. An essential part of the new museum
strategy is to train curators in museology, museography and cultural heritage management. |
Johannes DEN HEIJER, Elynn GORRIS et Perrine PILETTE, Le fonds Ryckmans conservé aux archives de l'Université catholique de Louvain : historique, projets et enjeux
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271 |
Abstract : this short article presents two interrelated projects pertaining to the archives of the Philby-
Lippens-Ryckmans expedition kept at the Université catholique de Louvain. this epigraphical
and archaeological survey, carried out in the winter of 1951-1952 in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia,
yielded an abundant documentation for the study of the languages, scripts and history of
Pre-Islamic Arabia, much of which is yet to be exploited and published. On the one hand, the
history of the collection and the various phases of its description and digitization are explained,
and on the other hand, the article outlines the methods, the various components and the objectives
of the “In the footsteps of Philby, Ryckmans and Lippens” project: publication, translation, historical
interpretation, and verification in situ of selected data, as well as communication of
research output to the public at large. |
MISCELLANEA IRANICA ET ÆGYPTIACA |
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Christian CANNUYER, À propos de la réputation d'impiété de
Cambyse chez les Égyptiens
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287 |
Abstract : Herodotus presents Cambyse as an impious tyrant, murderer of the sacred bull apis. a whole
tradition has perpetuated this detestable image among later Greco-roman authors but also in
Coptic sources. this tradition is partly dependent on Herodotus but not entirely. But Cambyses’
image is always detestable, in all the stories, notwithstanding the details. this study reexamines
the question of the veracity of Herodotus’s claims about the murder of apis by the persian conqueror.
interpreting the funerary stelae of two apis bulls buried in the Serapeum of Memphis
under the reigns of Cambyses and darius, many egyptologists have concluded that the king was
innocent. according to them, the account of the apis assassination is a total invention of priestly
circles, who were the informants of the Greek historian. However, these steles can be interpreted
in a completely opposite sense. Maybe the apis murder did happen. and the royal name composed
for Cambyses by an egyptian dignitary (Oudjahorresnet, considered as a vile collaborator
of the persians) can, in fact, be understood as a condemnation of the criminal impiety of the
achaemenid sovereign. |
Hamid MOEIN, Vaēθa Nask, réformes religieuses chez les parsis justifiées par des références fictives à un passé oublié
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317 |
Abstract : Many religions saw the necessity of reform at some point in the course of their history. in
order for these reforms not to appear heretical, they had to be justified in the most common way
possible, that is to say returning to the origins. The zoroastrian religion is no different from
these others. The zoroastrian community of the 18th century in india was faced with some religious
dilemmas for which they did not find any solution neither in their sacred texts nor their
clergymen were able answer them. Following the immigration of the zoroastrian community
from iran to india after the islamization of iran, this small minority found itself surrounded by
people of alien faiths. These unanswered questions were raised due to their interactions with the
non-zoroastrians. At this point, the best way of putting these distressful matters to rest would
be to implement a reform. How to implement this reform without seeming heretical? Would
forging an archetypical text allow this reform to take place smoothly? if so what would be the
best way of doing so? |
Ali MOUSAVI, Note sur un bas-relief provenant de Pasargades
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329 |
Abstract : The early excavations in the 1950s at the site of Pasargadae revealed a sculptured fragment
depicting the head of a man in bas-relief. The exact archaeological context of the bas-relief is
not known but it is said to be found in the Tall-e Takht excavations by Ali Sami. A close examination
of the fragment shows interesting elements of comparison with both early Achaemenid
sculptures known from the Bisutun monument of darius ist and bas-reliefs decorating the structures
at Persepolis. |
Florence SOMER, L’Ayādgār ī Jāmāspīg et les Ahkām ī Jāmāsp : une confusion des sources
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335 |
Abstract : Compilers often confuse two types of texts dedicated to Jāmāsp but of different nature. on
the one hand, the versions of the Ayādgār ī Jāmāspīg also known as Jāmāspi or Jāmāsp-nāmāg
that have come down to us in Pehlevi, pāzand, gujarati and Persian. these strictly zoroastrian
texts, consist of an apocalyptic dialogue between the king Vīštāsp and the wise man Jāmāsp.
on the other hand, the versions of Ahkām ī Jāmāsp which, although they also feature the king
Vīštāsp and the sage Jāmāsp, deal with the history of the world according to the positive or
negative confluences of the planets and conjunctions, followed by the historical prophecies of
Jāmāsp according to the conjunctions of the planets, and their positions in the houses of the
zodiac. |
Christine VAN RUYMBEKE, D’un Alexandre à l'autre, l’aventure archéologique de l’Eskandar de Niẓāmī Ganjavī dans la caverne de Kay Khosrow
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345 |
Abstract : This paper proposes a brief analysis and a prose paraphrase of a hitherto little-studied episode
taken from the first part of Niẓāmī’s Eskandar-Nāma, recounting the traumatising adventure of
alexander the great in the Cavern of kay khosrow. This strange and compelling episode with
its almost Jules-Vernian ambiance, is part of alexander’s quest for knowledge, in a first part of
his education towards becoming the ideal Farabian ruler who combines the qualities of conqueror,
philosopher and (Farabian) prophet. alexander faces the reality of a true quest for immortal
heavenly rule, a redoubtable example which he is not ready to follow. |
Zohreh ZARSHENAS, Three Sogdian Words (ˀˀβrγsˀk, kˀm and rγż)
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355 |
Abstract : There are three words meaning “desire” in sogdian texts: 1) ˀβrγsˀk “wish, desire, lust” –
2) kˀm “wish, desire” – 3) rγż “wish desire, demand”. These words have occurred in Buddhist,
Manichean and christian sogdian. in some Buddhist sogdian texts the translators have used
these three words to translate different chinese words and especially Buddhist terms. But, are
these words synonyms? Do they have the same usages? in this paper all these sogdian words
are studied and compared in order to find out their exact meaning, usage and frequency and to
answer the mentioned questions. |
Nicolas GAUTHIER, La résille de perles des Enfants d'Horus
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361 |
Abstract : the Children of Horus are divinities to whom the function of protector of the organs gives a
privileged status. as from the New Kingdom they are shown nearest the deceased on the funeral
furnishings and monuments. their figuration is closely linked to that of the deceased. as divinities,
they wear the chendjit kilt or the corselet and carry the royal attributes. Like the deceased
they are mummified and carry the same accessories as the deceased, such as the beads netting,
which can be seen in numerous examples as from the third intermediate period. these are visible
in many examples as is shown by the group of five plaques of serpentine on display at the Musée
royal de Mariemont. |
Marc MALEVEZ, Le vocable « homme » dans La Mission de
Paphnuce /Vie d'Onuphre : moine, ange ou simple humain (deuxième partie)
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371 |
Abstract : This article is the second part of analysis of the employment of the term "man" by the monks of Egypt, through the Mission of Paphnutius / Life of Onnophrius. The term is used to refer to a human being in general or, more specifically, a monk. It may also refer to an angel. |
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